2025 Ecosystem Transformation 8 (4), 43-64

Impact of traffic-generated emissions on the snow cover of agricultural landscapes in Karelia

Dubina-Chekhovich E.V. , Bakhmet O.N.

The article reports the results of an assessment of the impact of traffic-generated emissions on the snow cover of agricultural landscapes in Karelia. The study was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in the region’s most agriculturally favorable southern agroclimatic zone. The snowfall formed under road traffic impact exhibited medium or low dust pollution levels. The dust pollution load onto a drained agricultural landscape within 50 m off the road was 129.8–385.9 kg/(km2 ×day), exceeding the background 8.3–25.0-fold. The integrated pollution index values for the snow cover (solid residue) of the agricultural landscapes were at medium and high levels. The insoluble residue of snow predominantly contained high concentrations of Mo, W, Ti, Al, К, Сu, Na, Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cd, with concentration coefficients 1.5–74 times that of the background. Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) were exceeded for Сd (up to 10-fold), Zn (9.4), Со (9.0), Mo (7.9), Cu (3.2), Ni (2.4), Sb (3.3), Fe (2.1). The integrated pollution index for snow in the liquid phase was generally below the threshold values, with the greatest impact found between 100 and 150 m off the road. The total man-made pollution load on the agricultural landscape declined with distance from the road and was classified as medium-level within 15 m off the road.

E. V. Dubina-Chekhovich
Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences
Pushkinskaya St. 11, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, 185035 Russia

d-chehovich@yandex.ru

O. N. Bakhmet
Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences
Pushkinskaya St. 11, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, 185035 Russia

Abros'kin, A.A., 2017. Dinamicheskaya sistema ekologicheskogo monitoringa atmosfernogo vozdukha dlya obespecheniya ekologicheskoy bezopasnosti stroitel’nykh ob’ektov [Dynamic system of environmental air monitoring for ensuring ecological safety of construction objects]. PhD in Technical Sciences thesis. Volgograd, Russia, 142 p. (In Russian). Absolyamova, A., 2021. Vliyanie avtotransporta na sostoyanie okruzhayushchey sredy goroda Ufa [Impact of motor transport on the environment of Ufa city]. Materialy XI Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoprakticheskoy konferentsii «Ekologiya i prirodopol'zovanie: prikladnye aspekty» [Proceedings of the XI International Scientific-Practical Conference "Ecology and Environmental Management: Applied Aspects"]. Ufa, Russia, 7–10. (In Russian). Adamiec, E., Jarosz-Krzemińska, E., Wieszała, R., 2016. Heavy metals from non-exhaust vehicle emissions in urban and motorway road dusts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188 (369). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5377-1 Akanova, N.I., Kozlova, A.V., Mukhina, M.T., 2021. Rol’ magniya v sisteme pitaniya rasteniy [The role of magnesium in plant nutrition systems]. Agrokhimicheskiy vestnik [Agrochemical Bulletin] 6, 66–72. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.24412/1029-2551-2021-6-014 Alekseev, S.V., Simonov, D.L., Katikova, A.S., 2022. Vozdeystvie prirodnykh faktorov na sostoyanie dorog v razlichnykh regionakh Rossii [Impact of natural factors on road conditions in Russian regions]. Innovatsionnye transportnye sistemy i tekhnologii [Innovative Transport Systems and Technologies] 8 (4), 14–30. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20228414-30 Alekseev, Yu.V., 1987. Tyazhelye metally v pochvakh i rasteniyakh [Heavy metals in soils and plants]. Agropromizdat, Leningrad, USSR, 140 p. (In Russian). Amosova, N.V., Nikolaeva, O.N., Synzynys, B.I., 2007. Mekhanizmy alyumotolerantnosti u kul'turnykh rasteniy (obzor) [Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance in cultivated plants (review)]. Sel'skokhozyaystvennaya biologiya [Agricultural Biology] 1, 36–42. (In Russian). Afinogenov, Yu.P., 2008. Biogennye elementy i ikh fiziologicheskaya rol’. Uchebnoe posobie [Biogenic elements and their physiological role. Textbook]. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia, 143 p. (In Russian). Ashikkaliev, A.Kh., Vil’danova, L.R., Ashikkalieva, M.A., 2017. Pochvenno-ekologicheskaya otsenka zemel’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogo naznacheniya stepnoy zony [Soil-ecological assessment of agricultural lands in the steppe zone]. Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki [Natural and Technical Sciences] 12, 271–274. (In Russian).\ Baensch-Baltruschat, B., Kocher, B., Stock, F., Reifferscheid, G., 2020. Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) – A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment. Science of The Total Environment 733 (137823). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2020.137823 Bogatyrev, L.G., Zhilin, N.I., Samsonova, V.P., Yakushev, N.L., Kirillova, N.P. et al., 2018. Mnogoletniy monitoring snezhnogo pokrova v usloviyakh prirodnykh i urbanizirovannykh landshaftov Moskvy i Moskovskoy oblasti [Long-term monitoring of snow cover in natural and urbanized landscapes of Moscow and the Moscow region]. Vestnik moskovskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Moscow University] 5 (2), 85–96. (In Russian). Bojórquez-Quintal, E., Escalante-Magaña, C., Echevarría-Machado, I. and Martínez-Estévez, M., 2017. Aluminum, a friend or foe of higher plants in acid soils. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 1767. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01767 Borisenko, L.F., 1973. Vanadiy. Mineralogiya, geokhimiya i tipy endogennykh mestorozhdeniy [Vanadium. Mineralogy, geochemistry and types of endogenous deposits]. Nedra, Moscow, USSR, 192 p. (In Russian). Cigler, P., Olejnickova, J., Hruby, M., Cséfalvay, L., Peterka, J., Kuzel, S., 2010. Interactions between iron and titanium metabolism in spinach: A chlorophyll fluorescence study in hydropony. Journal of plant physiology 167, 1592–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.021 Golubev, A.V., 2007. Sel’skokhozi︠a︡istvennai︠a︡ ėkologii︠a︡ [Agricultural ecology]. Saratov State Agricultural Academym Saratov, Russia, 418 p. (In Russian). Damdinov, B.B., Mitypov, Ch.M., 2021. Vliyanie dobavok melkodispersnykh chastits metallov na kharakteristiki smazochnykh materialov [Effect of fine metal particle additives on lubricant properties]. Vestnik Buryatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Khimiya. Fizika [Bulletin of Buryat State University. Chemistry. Physics] 1, 28–42. (In Russian). Dubina-Chekhovich, E.V., 2023. Transformatsiya pochv meliorirovannykh agrolandshaftov SeveroZapada Rossii v rezul’tate aerotekhnogennogo zagryazneniya [Transformation of soils in reclaimed agrolandscapes of NW Russia due to aerotechnogenic pollution]. PhD in Biological Sciences thesis. Ufa, Russia, 234 p. (In Russian). Egorova, O.S., Burkeeva, D.R., Gogol', E.V., Tunakova, Yu.A., 2014. Otsenka vklada avtotransportnykh potokov v zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha g. Kazani [Assessment of motor transport contribution to air pollution in Kazan]. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Kazan Technological University] 17 (16), 141–142. (In Russian). Gohari, G., Mohammadi, A., Akbari, A., Panahirad, S., Dadpour, M.R., Fotopoulos, V., Kimura, S., 2020. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalum moldavica. Scientific Reports 10, 1–14. Grigoratos, T., Martini, G., 2014. Non-exhaust traffic related emissions – Brake and tyre wear PM. EUR 26648. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC89231. https://doi. org/10.2790/21481 Guo, D., Wei, H., Guo, Y., Wang, Ch., Yin, Z., 2021. Non-exhaust particulate matter emission from vehicles: A review. E3S Web of Conferences, VESEP2020 268 (01015), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1051/ e3sconf/202126801015 Hussain, S., Shafiq, I., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Rastogi, A., Mumtaz, M., Hussain, M., et al., 2021. Titanium application increases phosphorus uptake through changes in auxin content and root architecture in soybean (Glycine Max L.). Plant Science 12, 743618. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2021.743618 Il'in, V.B., Syso, A.I., 2001. Mikroelementy i tyazhelye metally v pochvakh i rasteniyakh Novosibirskoy oblasti [Trace elements and heavy metals in soils and plants of Novosibirsk region]. Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, 145 p. (In Russian). Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, Kh., 1989. Mikroelementy v pochvakh i rasteniyakh [Trace elements in soils and plants]. Mir, Moscow, USSR, 439 p. (In Russian). Kasimov, N.S., Vlasov, D.V., 2015. Klarki khimicheskikh elementov kak etalony sravneniya v ekogeokhimii [Clarke values of chemical elements as reference standards in ecogeochemistry]. Vestnik moskovskogo universiteta [Moscow University Bulletin] 5 (2), 7–17. (In Russian). Kireycheva, L.V., Lentyaeva, E.A., 2020. Vliyanie sel’skokhozyaystvennogo proizvodstva na zagryaznenie vodnykh ob’ektov [Impact of agricultural production on water pollution]. Prirodoustroystvo [Environmental Engineering] 18, 18–26. (In Russian). Klimashevskiy, E.L., 1991. Geneticheskiy aspekt mineral'nogo pitaniya rasteniy [Genetic aspect of plant mineral nutrition]. Agropromizdat, Moscow, USSR, 414 p. (In Russian). Lavrentieva, O.V., Batishcheva, O.M., 2010. Teoreticheskie osnovy primeneniya khimicheskikh reagentov na avtomobil’nom transporte: uchebnoe posobie [Theoretical foundations of chemical reagents application in motor transport: textbook]. Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia, 146 p. (In Russian). Lyovkin, N.D., Lazeba, A.V., 2014. Rasprostranenie tyazhelykh metallov v zone dvizheniya avtotransporta [Distribution of heavy metals in motor transport zones]. Izvestiya Tul’GU. Nauki o Zemle [News of Tula State University. Earth Sciences] 3, 9–16. (In Russian). Lednev, A.V., 2018. Analiz faktorov, vliyayushchikh na iznosostoykost’ asfal’tobetona [Analysis of factors affecting wear resistance of asphalt concrete]. Inzhenernyy vestnik Dona [Engineering Bulletin of Don] 1. (In Russian). Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po geokhimicheskoy otsenke zagryazneniya gorodov khimicheskimi elementami [Guidelines for geochemical assessment of urban pollution by chemical elements], 1982. Grigoryan, S.V. (ed.). IMGRE, Moscow, USSR, 111 p. (In Russian). Nevmerzhitskiy, N.V., Lozhkina, O.V., Lozhkin, V.N., 2016. Raschetnaya metodika i komp’yuternaya programma dlya otsenki i prognozirovaniya zagryazneniya vozdukha na avtomagistralyakh melkodispersnymi vzveshennymi chastitsami PM10 i PM2.5 [Calculation methods and software for assessing and predicting PM10 and PM2.5 air pollution on highways]. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov [Bulletin of Civil Engineers] 2 (55), 206–209. (In Russian). Nevmerzhitskiy, N.V., 2017. Metodika otsenki i prognozirovaniya ekstremal'nogo zagryazneniya vozdukha na avtomagistralyakh melkodispersnymi vzveshennymi chastitsami PM10 i PM2.5 [Methods for assessment and prediction of extreme air pollution by PM10 and PM2.5 particles on highways]. PhD in Technical Sciences thesis. Saint Petersburg, Russia, 23 p. (In Russian). Pobilat, A.E., Voloshin, E.I., 2018. Manganese in soils and plants of the southern part of central Siberia. Trace Elements in Medicine (Moscow) 18 (2), 43-47. Pochvy Karelii: uchebnoe posobie [Soils of Karelia: textbook], 1981. Morozova, R.M. et al. (eds.). Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, USSR, 192 p. (In Russian). Prokofieva, T.V., Shishkov, V.A., Kiryushin, A.V., Kalushin, I.Yu., 2015. Svoystva tverdykh (pyleaerozol’nykh) atmosfernykh vypadeniy pridorozhnykh territoriy g. Moskvy [Properties of solid (dust-aerosol) atmospheric deposits in Moscow roadside areas]. Izvestiya RAN. Seriya geograficheskaya [Proceedings of RAS. Geographical Series] 3, 107–120. (In Russian). Rana, M.S., Bhantana, P., Imran, M., Saleem, M.H., Chengxiao, Hu. et al., 2020. Molybdenum potential vital role in plants metabolism for optimizing the growth and development. Annals of Environmental Science and Toxicology 4 (1), 032–044. https://doi.org/10.17352/aest.000024 Reutse, K., Kyrstya, S., 1986. Bor’ba s zagryazneniem pochv [Combating soil pollution]. Agropromizdat, Moscow, USSR, 221 p. (In Russian). Rybakov, D.S., 2017. Geoekologiya Karelii: geokhimicheskiy podkhod k problemam otsenki riska [Geoecology of Karelia: geochemical approach to risk assessment]. Karelian Research Centre RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia, 311 p. (In Russian). Rybakov, D.S., Krutskikh, N.V., 2021. Geoekologicheskie zakonomernosti raspredeleniya molibdena i vol’frama pri antropogennoy transformatsii geosistem Prionezh'ya [Geoecological patterns of molybdenum and tungsten distribution during anthropogenic transformation of Onega region geosystems]. Geograficheskiy vestnik [Geographical Bulletin] 1 (56), 81–95. (In Russian). https://doi. org/10.17072/2079-7877-2021-1-81-95 Saet, Yu.E., Revich, B.A., Yanin, E.P., Smirnova, R.S., Basharkevich, I.L. et al., 1990. Geokhimiya okruzhayushchey sredy [Environmental geochemistry]. Nedra, Moscow, USSR, 335 p. (In Russian). Sheudzhen, A.Kh., Korsunova, M.I., Bondareva, T.N., Osipov, M.A., Esipenko, S.V., 2015. Titan v chernozeme vyshchelochemnom zapadnogo Predkavkaz’ya [Titanium in leached chernozem of Western Ciscaucasia]. Nauchnyy zhurnal KubGAU [Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University] 112(08). (In Russian). Shkol’nik, M.Ya., 1974. Mikroelementy v zhizni rasteniy [Trace elements in plant life]. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 324 p. (In Russian). Tumburu, L., Andersen, C.P., Rygiewicz, P.T., Reichman, J.R., 2017. Molecular and physiological responses to titanium dioxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles in Arabidopsis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 36 (1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3500 unakova, Yu.A., Novikova, S.V., Shagidullin, A.R., 2016. Sposoby otsenki postupleniya metallov s vybrosami avtotransporta s pomoshch'yu neyrosetevykh tekhnologiy [Methods for assessing metal emissions from motor transport using neural network technologies]. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN [Proceedings of Samara Scientific Center RAS] 18 (5(3)), 505–508. (In Russian). Tyantova, E.N., Synzynys, B.I., Burukhin, S.B., Koz’min, G.V., 2005. Khimiya alyuminiya v okruzhayushchey srede [Aluminum chemistry in the environment]. Agrokhimiya [Agrochemistry] 2, 87–93. (In Russian). Usenko, A.V., Grinevich, N.A., 2023. Vliyanie shipovannykh shin na dorozhnoe pokrytie [Impact of studded tires on road surfaces]. Elektronnyy arkhiv UGLTU [Ural State Forest Engineering University Electronic Archive], 697–701. (In Russian). Vasilenko, V.N., Nazarov, I.M., Fridman, M.D., 1985. Monitoring zagryazneniya snezhnogo pokrova [Monitoring of snow cover pollution]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, USSR, 181 p. (In Russian). Vinogradov, A.P., 1957. Geokhimiya redkikh i rasseyannykh elementov v pochvakh [Geochemistry of rare and trace elements in soils]. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, 237 p. (In Russian). Wang, Zh., Zhou, W., Jiskani, I.M., Luо, H., Ao, Zh., Mvula, E.M., 2022. Annual dust pollution characteristics and its prevention and control for environmental protection in surface mines. Science of The Total Environment 825 (15), 153949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153949